XY Genotype Data

Distribution map of whole-genome SNP marker density. The heatmap depicts the density distribution of the SNP dataset across buffalo chromosomes 1 to 24, calculated using a 1 Mb sliding window. The color gradient from green to red indicates increasing SNP density in the respective regions.

Clustering results of the principal component analysis (PCA). PC1 and PC2 represent the first and second principal components, respectively; each point represents an individual buffalo sample. Evolutionary tree of the five buffalo populations based on genetic distance. Ancestry composition results with the assumed number of ancestries at K = 2. K is an adjustable parameter representing the number of possible ancestral varieties. Through the calculation of the cross-validation error, we obtained K = 2 as the best K value.